Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptor Inverse Agonist/Antagonist SR141716A Activates the Adenylate Cyclase/PKA Signaling Pathway Among Other Intracellular Emetic Signals to Evoke Vomiting in Least Shrews ( Cryptotis parva )

doi: 10.3390/ijms26209884

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of modulators of cell membrane Ca 2+ channels on CB 1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist SR141716A (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced vomiting. Different groups of least shrews were given an injection of either the corresponding vehicle or varying doses of one of the following: (1) CaMKII inhibitor KN62 (i.p.); (2) the L-type Ca 2+ channel (LTCC) inhibitors nifedipine (s.c.) and amlodipine (i.p.); (3) store-operated Ca 2+ entry blockers YM 58483 (i.p.) and MRS 1845 (i.p.); and (4) the TRPV1R agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) (s.c.), 30 min prior to SR141716A (20 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Emetic parameters were recorded for the next 30 min. The frequency of emesis ( A , C , E , G , I , K ) was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s post hoc test and presented as mean ± SEM. The percentage of shrews vomiting ( B , D , F , H , J , L ) was analyzed using the chi-square test and presented as mean. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. 0 mg/kg. The number of animals in each group is presented at the top of the corresponding column.

Article Snippet: The following drugs were used for the present studies: SR141716A, H-89, U0126, PD98059, AR-A014418, SB216763, LY294002, U73122, GF109203X, KN62, amlodipine, YM-58483, MRS-1845, and RTX were purchased from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN, USA); nifedipine and sulpiride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); dantrolene and 2-APB were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA); and palonosetron was kindly provided by Helsinn Health Care (Lugano, Switzerland).

Techniques: Membrane, Injection